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Changing urban environments and effects on infectious diseases
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From surveillance and detection of SARS-CoV-2 to vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19
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Eurosurveillance
Since 1995, Eurosurveillance has provided the European public health community with an open-access platform to exchange relevant findings on communicable disease surveillance, prevention and control. A weekly, electronic, peer-reviewed publication, Eurosurveillance aims to provide timely facts and guidance for public health professionals and decision-makers in the field of infectious disease to facilitate the implementation of effective prevention and control measures. Impact factor: 19. More...
Latest Issue: Volume 29, Issue 16, 18 April 2024 Latest Issue RSS feed
- Rapid communication
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Increased reports of measles in the Metropolitan City of Milan, northern Italy, September 2023 to March 2024
Since late 2023, the Metropolitan City of Milan and surrounding areas (northern Italy) have been experiencing a resurgence of measles, with most cases detected starting from January 2024. During this brief period, we observed measles in travellers from endemic areas, participants in international events, vaccinees and healthcare workers. Indigenous cases have also been identified. Even though we have not yet identified large and disruptive outbreaks, strengthening surveillance and vaccination activities is pivotal to help limit the impact of measles spread.
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Rapid molecular epidemiology investigations into two recent measles outbreaks in Israel detected from October 2023 to January 2024
Between late 2023 and early 2024, two measles outbreaks occurred in Israel, each caused by importation of measles virus strains of respective B3 and D8 genotypes. In this study, we validate transmission pathways uncovered by epidemiological investigations using a rapid molecular approach, based on complete measles virus genomes. The presented findings support this rapid molecular approach in complementing conventional contact tracing and highlight its potential for informing public health interventions.
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Emergence of OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Lithuania, 2023: a multi-cluster, multi-hospital outbreak
In 2023, an increase of OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was noticed by the Lithuanian National Public Health Surveillance Laboratory. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 106 OXA-48-producing K. pneumoniae isolates revealed three distinct clusters of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae high-risk clones, including sequence type (ST) 45 (n = 35 isolates), ST392 (n = 32) and ST395 (n = 28), involving six, six and nine hospitals in different regions, respectively. These results enabled targeted investigation and control, and underscore the value of national WGS-based surveillance for antimicrobial resistance.
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- Surveillance
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Multiple introductions of monkeypox virus to Ireland during the international mpox outbreak, May 2022 to October 2023
Gabriel Gonzalez , Michael Carr , Tomás M Kelleher , Emer O’Byrne , Weronika Banka , Brian Keogan , Charlene Bennett , Geraldine Franzoni , Patrice Keane , Cliona Kenna , Luke W Meredith , Nicola Fletcher , Jose Maria Urtasun-Elizari , Jonathan Dean , Ciaran Browne , Fiona Lyons , Brendan Crowley , Derval Igoe , Eve Robinson , Greg Martin , Jeff Connell , Cillian F De Gascun and Daniel HareBackgroundMpox, caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), was considered a rare zoonotic disease before May 2022, when a global epidemic of cases in non-endemic countries led to the declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Cases of mpox in Ireland, a country without previous mpox reports, could reflect extended local transmission or multiple epidemiological introductions.
AimTo elucidate the origins and molecular characteristics of MPXV circulating in Ireland between May 2022 and October 2023.
MethodsWhole genome sequencing of MPXV from 75% of all Irish mpox cases (182/242) was performed and compared to sequences retrieved from public databases (n = 3,362). Bayesian approaches were used to infer divergence time between sequences from different subclades and evaluate putative importation events from other countries.
ResultsOf 242 detected mpox cases, 99% were males (median age: 35 years; range: 15–60). All 182 analysed genomes were assigned to Clade IIb and, presence of 12 distinguishable subclades suggests multiple introductions into Ireland. Estimation of time to divergence of subclades further supports the hypothesis for multiple importation events from numerous countries, indicative of extended and sustained international spread of mpox. Further analysis of sequences revealed that 92% of nucleotide mutations were from cytosine to thymine (or from guanine to adenine), leading to a high number of non-synonymous mutations across subclades; mutations associated with tecovirimat resistance were not observed.
ConclusionWe provide insights into the international transmission dynamics supporting multiple introductions of MPXV into Ireland. Such information supported the implementation of evidence-informed public health control measures.
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Recent articles
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Excess mortality in Europe coincides with peaks of COVID-19, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), November 2023 to February 2024
Sarah K Nørgaard , Jens Nielsen , Anne Christine Nordholm , Lukas Richter , Alena Chalupka , Natalia Bustos Sierra , Toon Braeye , Maria Athanasiadou , Theodore Lytras , Gleb Denissov , Oskari Luomala , Anne Fouillet , Isabelle Pontais , Matthias an der Heiden , Benedikt Zacher , Alina Weigel , Ivo Foppa , Kassiani Gkolfinopoulou , Ioannis Panagoulias , Anna Paldy , Tibor Malnasi , Lisa Domegan , Eva Kelly , Naama Rotem , Oksana Rakhlin , Francesca K de'Donato , Chiara Di Blasi , Patrick Hoffmann , Telma Velez , Kathleen England , Neville Calleja , Liselotte van Asten , Femke Jongenotter , Ana Paula Rodrigues , Susana Silva , Petra Klepac , Diana Gomez-Barroso , Inmaculada Leon Gomez , Ilias Galanis , Ahmed Farah , Rolf Weitkunat , Katarina Fehst , Nick Andrews , Tom Clare , Declan T Bradley , Mark G O'Doherty , Naoma William , Mark Hamilton , Bolette Søborg , Tyra G Krause , Nick Bundle and Lasse S Vestergaard
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