1887
Research Open Access
Like 0

Abstract

Introduction

Malaria is a notifiable disease in all European Union and European Economic Area countries except Belgium and France, where only autochthonous malaria is notifiable. Although morbidity caused by malaria has been assessed, little is known about mortality incidence.

Objective

Our aim was to estimate the number of imported malaria-related deaths in hospital in metropolitan France.

Methods

We matched individual deaths reported between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2014 to the French National Reference Centre for malaria (FNRCm) with malaria-related deaths from two other sources: the French National Registry on medical causes of death and the French national hospital discharge database. A capture–recapture method with log-linear modelling was used. Age, sex and place of death stratification were applied to remove heterogeneity.

Results

The estimated malaria-related deaths in metropolitan France during the study period were 205 (95% confidence interval (CI): 191–219). The annual mean number of malaria-related deaths was estimated at 21 (95% CI: 19–22). The FNRCm malaria-related deaths surveillance had a 38% sensitivity (95% CI: 32–44). Among 161 in-hospital individual malaria-related deaths reported from three data sources, the sex ratio (male to female) was 2.6. Median age of the patients was 57 years, ranging from 1 to 89 years.

Conclusion

The pertinent finding of this report is that malaria-related death records were significantly less* complete than case records. Therefore, data comparison of imported malaria morbidity and mortality between countries should imperatively be assessed using standard indicators weighted according to the completeness of health surveillance systems.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.36.1900579
2020-09-10
2024-03-28
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.36.1900579
Loading
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/eurosurveillance/25/36/eurosurv-25-36-4.html?itemId=/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.36.1900579&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Ritchie H, Roser M. Causes of death. Oxford: Our World In Data; 2018. Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/causes-of-death
  2. World Health Organization. The top 10 causes of death. Geneva: WHO: 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/topics/mortality/en/
  3. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Malaria. In: Annual epidemiological report for 2017. Stockholm: ECDC; 2019. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/AER_for_2017-malaria.pdf
  4. Tatem AJ, Jia P, Ordanovich D, Falkner M, Huang Z, Howes R, et al. The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):98-107.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7  PMID: 27777030 
  5. Cathcart SJ, Lawrence J, Grant A, Quinn D, Whitty CJ, Jones J, et al. Estimating unreported malaria cases in England: a capture-recapture study. Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138(7):1052-8.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268809991130  PMID: 19919729 
  6. Fonseca AG, Simões Dias S, Baptista JL, Torgal J. Surveillance of imported hospital requiring malaria in Portugal: can it be improved? Eur J Public Health. 2016;26(3):403-6.  https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw052  PMID: 27069002 
  7. van Hest NA, Smit F, Verhave JP. Underreporting of malaria incidence in The Netherlands: results from a capture-recapture study. Epidemiol Infect. 2002;129(2):371-7.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268802007306  PMID: 12403113 
  8. Ferrao AR. The possibility of reintroduction of Malaria in Portugal: are surveillance systems doing enough? Int J Infect Dis. 2019;79:147.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2018.11.359 
  9. Kendjo E, Houzé S, Mouri O, Taieb A, Gay F, Jauréguiberry S, et al. Epidemiologic trends in malaria incidence among travelers returning to Metropolitan France, 1996-2016. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(4):e191691.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.1691  PMID: 30951158 
  10. Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française (SPILF). Prise en charge et prévention du paludisme d’importation, mise à jour 2017 des recommandations pour la pratique clinique 2007. [Management and prevention of imported malaria 2017, update of recommendations for clinical practice 2007]. Paris: SPILF; 2017. French. Available from: https://www.srlf.org/prise-charge-prevention-paludisme-dimportation-mise-a-jour-2017-recommandations-pratique-clinique-2007/
  11. Legros F, Fromage M, Ancelle T, Burg E, Janot C, Maisonneuve P, et al. Enquête nationale de recensement des cas de paludisme d’importation en France métropolitaine pour l’année 1997.[National survey of census of imported malaria cases in metropolitan France for 1997]. Bulletin Epidémiologique Hebdomadaire. 1999;11:41-2. French.
  12. Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE). France. Definition. Paris: INSEE. [Accessed: 6 May 2019]. French. Available from: https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c1696e
  13. Centre d'épidémiologie sur les causes médicales de décès (CépiDc). Le CépiDc. [The Center of epidemiology on medical causes of death]. Paris: Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale. [Accessed: 6 May 2019]. French. Available from: https://www.cepidc.inserm.fr/qui-sommes-nous/le-cepidc
  14. Agence technique de l'information sur l'hospitalisation. Programme de médicalisation des systèmes d'information (PMSI). [French National Hospital Discharge Database]. Paris: Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale. [Accessed: 6 May 2019]. French. Available from: https://www.epmsi.atih.sante.fr/welcomeEpmsi.do/
  15. Centre de national de référencedu Paludisme (CNRpalu). Rapport annuel d’activité. Année d’exercice 2017 [Annual activity report of the National Malaria Reference Centre for 2017]. Marseille: CNRpalu; 2018. French. Available from: https://anofel.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ra_cnr_2018_CNPaludisme.pdf
  16. Brämer GR. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. Tenth revision. World Health Stat Q. 1988;41(1):32-6. PMID: 3376487 
  17. World Health Organization (WHO). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. 10th Revision. Geneva: WHO; 2019. Available from: https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en
  18. Gharbi M, Pillai DR, Lau R, Hubert V, Khairnar K, Existe A, et al. Chloroquine-resistant malaria in travelers returning from Haiti after 2010 earthquake. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(8):1346-9.  https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1808.111779  PMID: 22840888 
  19. Santé Publique France (SPF). Centres nationaux de référence pour la lutte contre les maladies transmissibles. [National reference centres for the fight against communicable diseases]. Saint-Maurice: SPF; 2020. French. Available from: https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/a-propos/nos-principes-fondateurs/centres-nationaux-de-reference-pour-la-lutte-contre-les-maladies-transmissibles
  20. Thellier M, Simard F, Musset L, Cot M, Velut G, Kendjo E, et al. Changes in malaria epidemiology in France and worldwide, 2000-2015. Med Mal Infect. 2020;50(2):99-112. PMID: 31257063 
  21. Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française, Collège des Universitaires de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Société Française de Médecine des Armées, Société Française de Parasitologie, Société Française de Pédiatrie, Société de Médecine des Voyages, et al. [Management and prevention of imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria (Revision 2007 of the 1999 Consensus Conference). Long text in French]. Med Mal Infect. 2008;38(2):68-117. French.  PMID: 18646361 
  22. Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française, Collège des Universitaires de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Société Française de Médecine des Armées, Société Française de Parasitologie, Société Française de Pédiatrie, Société de Médecine des Voyages, et al. Recommendations for clinical practice. Management and prevention of imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria. (Revision 2007 of the 1999 Consensus conference). Short text. Med Mal Infect. 2008;38(2):54-67, 39-53.  PMID: 18646360 
  23. Hook EB, Regal RR. Capture-recapture methods in epidemiology: methods and limitations. Epidemiol Rev. 1995;17(2):243-64.  https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036192  PMID: 8654510 
  24. Wittes JT, Colton T, Sidel VW. Capture-recapture methods for assessing the completeness of case ascertainment when using multiple information sources. J Chronic Dis. 1974;27(1):25-36.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(74)90005-8  PMID: 4815069 
  25. Cormack RM. Log-linear models for capture-recapture. Biometrics. 1989;45(2):395-413.  https://doi.org/10.2307/2531485 
  26. Checkley AM, Smith A, Smith V, Blaze M, Bradley D, Chiodini PL, et al. Risk factors for mortality from imported falciparum malaria in the United Kingdom over 20 years: an observational study. BMJ. 2012;344(mar27 3):e2116.  https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e2116  PMID: 22454091 
  27. Bruneel F, Tubach F, Corne P, Megarbane B, Mira JP, Peytel E, et al. Severe imported falciparum malaria: a cohort study in 400 critically ill adults. PLoS One. 2010;5(10):e13236.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013236  PMID: 20949045 
  28. Legros F, Bouchaud O, Ancelle T, Arnaud A, Cojean S, Le Bras J, et al. Risk factors for imported fatal Plasmodium falciparum malaria, France, 1996-2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(6):883-8.  https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1306.060955  PMID: 17553228 
  29. Greenberg AE, Lobel HO. Mortality from Plasmodium falciparum malaria in travelers from the United States, 1959 to 1987. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113(4):326-7.  https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-113-4-326  PMID: 2197915 
  30. Sabatinelli G, Majori G, D’Ancona F, Romi R. Malaria epidemiological trends in Italy. Eur J Epidemiol. 1994;10(4):399-403.  https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01719663  PMID: 7843343 
  31. Sabatinelli G, D’Ancona F, Majori G, Squarcione S. Fatal malaria in Italian travellers. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994;88(3):314.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(94)90097-3  PMID: 7974674 
  32. Newman RD, Parise ME, Barber AM, Steketee RW. Malaria-related deaths among U.S. travelers, 1963-2001. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(7):547-55.  https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-141-7-200410050-00012  PMID: 15466772 
  33. Roth GA, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1736-88.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7  PMID: 30496103 
  34. World Health Organization (WHO). The world health report 2007. A safer future. Global public health security in the 21st century. Geneva: WHO; 2007. Available from: https://www.who.int/whr/2007/whr07_en.pdf
  35. Lüthi B, Schlagenhauf P. Risk factors associated with malaria deaths in travellers: a literature review. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2015;13(1):48-60.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.04.014  PMID: 25022610 
  36. Marks ME, Armstrong M, Suvari MM, Batson S, Whitty CJ, Chiodini PL, et al. Severe imported falciparum malaria among adults requiring intensive care: a retrospective study at the hospital for tropical diseases, London. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13(1):118.  https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-118  PMID: 23497139 
  37. Jansen A, Stark K, Schneider T, Schöneberg I. Sex differences in clinical leptospirosis in Germany: 1997-2005. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(9):e69-72.  https://doi.org/10.1086/513431  PMID: 17407027 
  38. Schlagenhauf P, Chen LH, Wilson ME, Freedman DO, Tcheng D, Schwartz E, et al. Sex and gender differences in travel-associated disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(6):826-32.  https://doi.org/10.1086/650575  PMID: 20156059 
  39. Cabada MM, Maldonado F, Quispe W, Serrano E, Mozo K, Gonzales E, et al. Pretravel health advice among international travelers visiting Cuzco, Peru. J Travel Med. 2005;12(2):61-5.  https://doi.org/10.2310/7060.2005.12201  PMID: 15996449 
  40. McIntosh IB, Power KG, Reed JM. Prevalence, intensity, and sex differences in travel related stressors. J Travel Med. 1996;3(2):96-102.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.1996.tb00713.x  PMID: 9815432 
  41. Murray CJ, Ortblad KF, Guinovart C, Lim SS, Wolock TM, Roberts DA, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384(9947):1005-70.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60844-8  PMID: 25059949 
  42. El Ket N, Kendjo E, Thellier M, Assoumou L, Potard V, Taieb A, et al. Propensity score analysis of artesunate versus quinine for severe imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria in France. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70(2):280-7.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz206  PMID: 30874798 
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.36.1900579
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplementary data

Submit comment
Close
Comment moderation successfully completed
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error