Letter to the editor: Seasonality and effects of climatic exposures on community-acquired Legionnaires’ disease incidence, Italy, 2005 to 2023

Giancarlo Ceccarelli; Fabio Scarpa; Cecilia Ceccarelli; Massimo Ciccozzi; Francesco Branda

doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2026.31.29.2600567

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Letter to the editor: Seasonality and effects of climatic exposures on community-acquired Legionnaires’ disease incidence, Italy, 2005 to 2023
Giancarlo Ceccarelli^1,2,3 , Fabio Scarpa^3,4 , Cecilia Ceccarelli⁵ , Massimo Ciccozzi^3,6 , Francesco Branda^3,6
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Affiliations: ¹ Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy ² Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Umberto I, Rome, Italy ³ Genomics, AI, Bioinformatics, Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology Group (GABIE), Rome, Italy ⁶ Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy ⁴ Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy ⁵ Architectural Science School, Department of Architecture, “Roma Tre” University, Rome, Italy

Correspondence:
Francesco Branda
f.branda unicampus.it
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Citation style for this article: Ceccarelli Giancarlo, Scarpa Fabio, Ceccarelli Cecilia, Ciccozzi Massimo, Branda Francesco. Letter to the editor: Seasonality and effects of climatic exposures on community-acquired Legionnaires’ disease incidence, Italy, 2005 to 2023. Euro Surveill. 2026;31(29):pii=2600567. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2026.31.29.2600567 Received: 30 Jun 2026; Accepted: 21 Jul 2026

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Barbosa A, Azevedo NF, Goeres DM, Cerqueira L. Ecology of Legionella pneumophila biofilms: The link between transcriptional activity and the biphasic cycle. Biofilm. 2024;7:100196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100196 PMID: 38601816
Ashbolt NJ. Conceptual model to inform Legionella-amoebae control, including the roles of extracellular vesicles in engineered water system infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1200478. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1200478 PMID: 37274310
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LeChevallier MW, Prosser T, Stevens M. Opportunistic pathogens in drinking water distribution systems—A review. Microorganisms. 2024;12(5):916. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12050916 PMID: 38792751
Yao XH, Shen F, Hao J, Huang L, Keng B. A review of Legionella transmission risk in built environments: sources, regulations, sampling, and detection. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1415157. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1415157 PMID: 39131570
Hammes F, Gabrielli M, Cavallaro A, Eichelberg A, Barigelli S, Bigler M, et al. Foresight 2035: a perspective on the next decade of research on the management of Legionella spp. in engineered aquatic environments. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2025;49:fuaf022. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuaf022 PMID: 40424003

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Letter to the editor: Seasonality and effects of climatic exposures on community-acquired Legionnaires’ disease incidence, Italy, 2005 to 2023

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