Table 1

Table 1
Prevalence of antimicrobial use, structure and process indicators of antimicrobial stewardship, by country, 28 European Union/European Economic Area countriesa and Serbia, 2016–2017
Country	Number of hospitals	Number of eligible patients	Antimicrobial use				Antimicrobial stewardship consultant in the hospital			Formal procedure for post-prescription review in the hospital^b		Participation in a national or regional hospital antimicrobial consumption surveillance network
Country	Number of hospitals	Number of eligible patients	Number of patients with at least one antimicrobial	Observed prevalence % (95% CI)	Predicted prevalence %	DDD per 100 patients	Total number replied	Mean FTE per 250 beds	Median FTE per 250 beds	Total number replied	Number with procedure	Total number replied	Number with participation
Austria	49	13,461	3,663	27.2 (24.3–30.2)	31.9	40.3	49	0.14	0	49	31	9	9
Belgium	43	11,800	3,320	28.1 (26.6–29.7)	30.2	45.5	35	0.33	0.23	41	18	25	18
Bulgaria	12	2,200	995	45.2 (39.8–50.3)	38.7	54.3	12	0.63	0.50	11	9	3	2
Croatia	34	10,466	3,263	31.2 (26.6–35.8)	33.8	42.0	31	0.60	0	34	12	25	20
Cyprus	8	1,036	475	45.8 (42.9–48.8)	42.3	70.6	8	0	0	8	1	5	0
Czech Republic	45	15,117	4,386	29.0 (27.2–30.8)	36.9	48.1	45	0.49	0.28	5	2	45	0
Estonia	23	4,220	1,059	25.1 (21.2–29.0)	29.6	38.0	14	0.13	0.13	20	11	15	2
Finland	51	9,079	3,485	38.4 (35.0–41.7)	34.8	49.8	35	0.28	0.08	46	23	9	9
France	50	16,522	3,259	19.7 (17.9–21.5)	26.6	26.5	50	0.67	0.25	50	46	50	44
Germany	49	11,324	2,437	21.5 (17.2–25.8)	28.2	31.8	46	0.14	0	49	12	49	16
Greece	42	9,401	5,227	55.6 (53.1–58.1)	42.1	N	27	0.14	0.09	27	18	36	18
Hungary	38	20,588	3,282	15.9 (13.2–18.6)	23.9	19.8	38	0.16	0	35	5	8	8
Iceland	2	633	190	30.0 (28.5–31.5)	28.3	35.4	2	0	0	2	0	1	0
Ireland	60	10,333	4,104	39.7 (37.4–42.0)	35.2	68.2	56	0.54	0.60	58	43	60	46
Italy	56	14,773	6,579	44.5 (42.6–46.5)	40.0	64.6	55	0.42	0	55	21	53	20
Latvia	14	3,807	1,459	38.3 (35.1–41.6)	34.7	51.0	11	0.11	0	14	2	14	1
Lithuania	62	12,415	3,370	27.1 (23.9–30.4)	26.6	37.9	60	0.35	0	61	34	62	60
Luxembourg	12	2,018	516	25.6 (19.4–31.7)	27.7	39.8	12	0.71	0	12	3	9	7
Malta	4	961	385	40.1 (37.8–42.4)	35.1	64.8	4	0.16	0	4	1	4	1
The Netherlands	19	4,441	1,471	33.1 (31.5–34.7)	37.8	49.7	7	0.03	0	4	3	12	10
Norway	43	9,628	2,868	29.8 (28.0–31.4)	34.7	55.0	24	0.22	0.08	24	18	24	24
Poland	80	21,712	6,073	28.0 (25.7–30.2)	33.4	36.7	80	0.16	0.07	79	32	43	4
Portugal	93	16,982	6,722	39.6 (36.9–42.3)	37.2	51.7	81	0.22	0	93	37	60	38
Romania	40	11,443	4,829	42.2 (38.7–45.7)	35.4	53.7	36	0.54	0.24	40	27	36	34
Slovakia	50	9,145	2,641	28.9 (26.2–31.6)	30.2	42.6	46	0.50	0	50	32	29	4
Slovenia	20	5,720	1,787	31.2 (28.8–33.7)	37.4	45.3	20	0.07	0	20	3	20	12
Spain	96	19,546	9,054	46.3 (44.8–47.9)	39.3	66.4	80	0.46	0.12	72	29	78	30
UK – England	32	20,148	7,533	37.4 (35.3–39.5)	35.2	64.2	32	0.58	0.45	32	32	32	32
UK – Northern Ireland	16	3,813	1,385	36.3 (32.3–40.3)	36.6	68.8	16	0.53	0.55	16	14	16	16
UK – Scotland	45	11,623	4,093	35.2 (33.3–37.1)	35.1	69.2	42	0.58	0.29	45	28	45	39
UK – Wales	21	6,400	2,186	34.2 (32.0–36.4)	34.5	56.9	21	0.75	0.32	19	17	21	17
EU/EEA	1 209	310,755	102,093	30.5 (29.2–31.9)^c	NA	46.0	1,075	0.37	0.08	1,075	564	898	541
Serbia	66	14,982	6,185	41.3 (38.9–43.7)	36.9	53.1	61	0.32	0	66	24	8	7
CI: confidence interval; DDD: defined daily dose; EU/EEA: European Union/European Economic Area; FTE: full-time equivalent; N: not available; NA: not applicable; UK: United Kingdom. ^aFor the UK, data for England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are presented separately. ^bReview of the appropriateness of prescribed antimicrobials within 72 hours (three calendar days) from the initial order, in at least one of the hospital wards. ^cObserved prevalence is weighted. The three EU/EEA countries that did not participate were Denmark, Lichtenstein and Sweden.