Italy is a low-incidence country for tuberculosis (TB). We describe a TB outbreak in a primary school in north-eastern Italy, involving 10 cases of active pulmonary disease and 42 cases of latent infection. The index case was detected in March 2019, while the primary case, an Italian-born schoolteacher, was likely infectious since January 2018. Administration of a pre-employment health questionnaire to school staff with sustained contact with children should be considered in low-incidence countries.

In April 2019, a cross-border outbreak of Yersinia entercolitica O3 was identified in Sweden and Denmark and confirmed using whole genome sequencing. Close cross-border collaboration with representatives from human and food authorities helped direct resources and investigations. Combined epidemiological and trace-back investigations pointed to imported fresh spinach as the outbreak vehicle and highlight that other vehicles of Y. enterocolitica outbreaks than pork should be considered.

On 31 August, a veterinarian and a farmworker were hospitalised for skin lesions. Both had been exposed to a dead cow on 19 August on a farm near Rome, where eight further cattle died of confirmed anthrax later the same month. At admission, the first case showed a black depressed eschar and another smaller lesion on one hand. The second case presented deep infection of the skin, with involvement of both arms. Anthrax diagnosis was confirmed by detection of B. anthracis DNA in eschar fragments from both patients. T-cell specific immunity was studied by flow cytometry and Elispot assay after stimulation with B. anthracis secretome in blood samples collected from Case 1. Immunoglobulin production was detected by complement fixation assay. In Case 1, specific CD4⁺ T-cell activation was detected, without antibody production. Specific antibodies were detected only in the second patient with severe cutaneous illness. Both patients recovered. The two human anthrax cases were epidemiologically linked, but anthrax was not suspected at admission in either case. The veterinarian had initially unrecognised professional exposure and the exposed farmworker did initially not report exposure to affected animals. A One Health strategy integrating human and animal investigations was essential to confirm the diagnosis.