1887
Research article Open Access
Like 0

Abstract

From August to September 2014 a water quality study was conducted on five popular public Danube beaches in Vojvodina, Serbia. To assess the safety of Danube water for bathing, physical, chemical, bacteriological tests were performed. While many parameters for monitoring the quality of water are regulated by law, there are neither national nor international legislations addressing the presence of viruses in recreational waters. In this study, we performed analyses that surpassed national requirements, and investigated if adenovirus, enterovirus or rotavirus genetic material was present in samples of recreational water collected for quality monitoring. Of 90 water samples obtained during the study, enterovirus material was not found in any sample, but adenovirus and rotavirus genetic materials were respectively detected in 60 and 31 samples. Statistical analyses showed a significant correlation between adenovirus DNA and total coliforms in the water. Even when water samples were adequate for recreational use, adenoviruses were detected in 75% (57/76) of such samples. Our results indicate that implementation of viral indicators in recreational water might be helpful to better assess public health safety. This might be particularly relevant in areas where urban wastewater treatment is insufficient and surface waters affected by wastewater are used for recreation.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.15.30196
2016-04-14
2024-10-06
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.15.30196
Loading
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/eurosurveillance/21/15/eurosurv-21-30196-5.html?itemId=/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.15.30196&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. World Health Organization (WHO). Water Quality and Health Strategy 2013-2020. Geneva: WHO; 2013. Available from: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2013/water_quality_strategy/en/
  2. World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Volume 1, Coastal and fresh waters. Geneva: WHO; 2003.
  3. Van der Poel WHM. Food and environmental routes of Hepatitis E virus transmission. Curr Opin Virol. 2014;4:91-6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2014.01.006  PMID: 24513966 
  4. Rhoades RE, Tabor-Godwin JM, Tsueng G, Feuer R. Enterovirus infections of the central nervous system. Virology. 2011;411(2):288-305.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.014  PMID: 21251690 
  5. Gaaloul I, Riabi S, Harrath R, Evans M, Salem NH, Mlayeh S, et al. Sudden unexpected death related to enterovirus myocarditis: histopathology, immunohistochemistry and molecular pathology diagnosis at post-mortem. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12(1):212.  https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-12-212  PMID: 22966951 
  6. La Rosa G, Fratini M, della Libera S, Iaconelli M, Muscillo M. Emerging and potentially emerging viruses in water environments. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2012;48(4):397-406.  https://doi.org/10.4415/ANN_12_04_07  PMID: 23247136 
  7. Bosch A. Human enteric viruses in the water environment: a minireview. Int Microbiol. 1998;1(3):191-6. PMID: 10943359 
  8. Fong TT, Lipp EK. Enteric viruses of humans and animals in aquatic environments: health risks, detection, and potential water quality assessment tools. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2005;69(2):357-71.  https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.69.2.357-371.2005  PMID: 15944460 
  9. Bosch A, Lucena F, Díez JM, Gajardo R, Blasi M, Jofre J. Waterborne viruses associated with hepatitis outbreak. J Am Water Works Assoc. 1991;83(3):80-3.
  10. Hejkal TW, Keswick B, LaBelle RL, Gerba CP, Sanchez Y, Dreesman G, et al. Viruses in a community water supply associated with an outbreak of gastroenteritis and infectious hepatitis. J Am Water Works Assoc. 1982;74(6):318-21.
  11. Gibson KE. Viral pathogens in water: occurrence, public health impact, and available control strategies. Curr Opin Virol. 2014;4:50-7.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2013.12.005  PMID: 24440908 
  12. Wyn-Jones AP, Carducci A, Cook N, D’Agostino M, Divizia M, Fleischer J, et al. Surveillance of adenoviruses and noroviruses in European recreational waters. Water Res. 2011;45(3):1025-38.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.015  PMID: 21093010 
  13. Wyer MD, Wyn-Jones AP, Kay D, Au-Yeung H-KC, Gironés R, López-Pila J, et al. Relationships between human adenoviruses and faecal indicator organisms in European recreational waters. Water Res. 2012;46(13):4130-41.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.008  PMID: 22633054 
  14. Farthing MJG. Viruses and the Gut. Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire: Smith Kline & French; 1989.
  15. Official Bulletin of the Republic of Serbia. The Law on Waters. No 30/10. Serbian. Available from: http://www.rdvode.gov.rs/doc/dokumenta/zakoni/zakon-o-vodama.pdf
  16. Vujovic S, Kolakovic S. Intergrated water approach for Serbia's Resurgence. Water World. 2013; 28(4). Available from: http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-28/issue-4/regional-spotlight/intergrated-water-approach-for-serbia-s-resurgence.html
  17. Wastewater country profile Serbia and Montenegro, United Nations report 2004. Available from: http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/serbia/serbiawastewater.pdf
  18. Regulations on the parameters of the ecological and chemical status of surface waters and the parameters of the chemical and quantitative status of groundwater. Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia. 2011; 74.
  19. Regulation on limit values of pollutants in surface and ground waters and sediments, and deadlines for achieving them. Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia. 2012; 50.
  20. Institute for standardization of Serbia (ISS). Testing of water. Measurement of temperature. SRPS H.Z1.106:1970. Beograd: ISS; 1970.
  21. Institute for standardization of Serbia (ISS). Water quality - Sampling. Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques. SRPS EN ISO 5667-1:2008 (sr). Identical with EN ISO 5667-1:2006 CEN/TC 230 and EN ISO 5667-1:2006/AC: 2007 CEN/TC 230. Beograd: ISS; 2008.
  22. Institute for standardization of Serbia (ISS). Water quality - Sampling. Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of water samples. SRPS EN ISO 5667-3:2007 (sr). Identical with EN ISO 5667-3:2003 CEN/TC 230. Beograd: ISS; 2007.
  23. Institute for standardization of Serbia (ISS). Water quality - Sampling. Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and streams. SRPS ISO 5667-6:1997. Identical with ISO 5667-6:1990 ISO/TC 147/SC 6. Beograd: ISS; 1997.
  24. World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation. WMO, No.8, 2008 edition, updated in 2010. Geneva: WMO; 2012.
  25. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Method 1615, Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR, EPA 600/R-10/181, December 2010, Version 1.1, Revised January 2012. Washington DC: EPA; 2012. Available from: www.epa.gov/ord
  26. Institute for standardization of Serbia (ISS). Water quality - Detection and enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria - Part 1: Membrane filtration method. SRPS EN ISO 9308-1:2010. Identical with EN ISO 9308-1:2000 CEN/TC 230 and EN ISO 9308-1:2000/AC:2008 CEN/TC 230. Beograd: ISS;2010.
  27. Institute for standardization of Serbia (ISS). Water quality - Determination of biochemical oxygen demand after n days (BODn) - Part 2: Method for undiluted samples (ISO 5815:1989, modified). SRPS EN 1899-2:2009. Identical with EN 1899-2:1998 CEN/TC 230. Beograd: ISS;2009.
  28. Institute for standardization of Serbia (ISS). Water quality - Determination of Kjeldahl nitrogen - Method after mineralization with selenium (ISO 5663:1984). SRPS EN 25663:2009. Identical with EN 25663:1993 CEN/TC 230. Beograd: ISS; 2009
  29. Cashdollar JL, Brinkman NE, Griffin SM, McMinn BR, Rhodes ER, Varughese EA, et al. Development and evaluation of EPA method 1615 for detection of enterovirus and norovirus in water. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79(1):215-23.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02270-12  PMID: 23087037 
  30. Lazić G, Grubač S, Lupulović D, Bugarski D, Lazić S, Knežević P, et al. Presence of Human and Animal Viruses in Surface Waters in Vojvodina Province of Serbia. Food Environ Virol. 2015;7(2):149-58.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-015-9187-3  PMID: 25687987 
  31. Arsic M, Ac Nikolic E, Balac D, Bijelovic S, Bjelanovic J, Velicki R, et al. Health status of population living in the City of Novi Sad. Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, 2013. Available from: http://izjzv.org.rs/uploads/download/Zdravstveno_stanje_stanovnistva/Novi%20Sad/NoviSad_2012.pdf
  32. Mena KD, Gerba CP. Waterborne adenovirus. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2009;198:133-67.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09647-6_4  PMID: 19253037 
  33. Bofill-Mas S, Calgua B, Clemente-Casares P, La Rosa G, Iaconelli M, Muscillo M, et al. Quantification of human adenoviruses in European recreational waters. Food Environ Virol. 2010;2(2):101-9.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-010-9035-4 
  34. Jiang SC, Chu W. PCR detection of pathogenic viruses in southern California urban rivers. J Appl Microbiol. 2004;97(1):17-28.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02269.x  PMID: 15186438 
  35. Albinana-Gimenez N, Miagostovich MP, Calgua B, Huguet JM, Matia L, Girones R. Analysis of adenoviruses and polyomaviruses quantified by qPCR as indicators of water quality in source and drinking-water treatment plants. Water Res. 2009;43(7):2011-9.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.01.025  PMID: 19230949 
  36. Ye XY, Ming X, Zhang YL, Xiao WQ, Huang XN, Cao YG, et al. Real-time PCR detection of enteric viruses in source water and treated drinking water in Wuhan, China. Curr Microbiol. 2012;65(3):244-53.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-012-0152-1  PMID: 22645016 
  37. Environmental Protection Agency. Ireland (EPA). EPA calls for the elimination of raw sewage entering the environment and improvement in the management of wastewater plants. EPA; 2015. [Accessed 10 Apr 2015]. Available from: http://www.epa.ie/newsandevents/news/name,53429,en.html#.VR58mmeQl9A
  38. Brunkard JM, Ailes E, Roberts VA, Hill V, Hilborn ED, Craun GF, et al. . Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks associated with drinking water---United States, 2007--2008. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2011;60(12):38-68. PMID: 21937977 
  39. Hlavsa MC, Roberts VA, Anderson AR, Hill VR, Kahler AM, Orr M, et al. . Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks and other health events associated with recreational water --- United States, 2007--2008. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2011;60(12):1-32. PMID: 21937976 
  40. Kotwal G, Cannon JL. Environmental persistence and transfer of enteric viruses. Curr Opin Virol. 2014;4:37-43.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2013.12.003  PMID: 24413147 
  41. Ogorzaly L, Bertrand I, Paris M, Maul A, Gantzer C. Occurrence, survival, and persistence of human adenoviruses and F-specific RNA phages in raw groundwater. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010;76(24):8019-25.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00917-10  PMID: 20952644 
  42. Victoria M, Fumian TM, Rocha MS, Dalmao F, Leite JPG, Girones R, et al. Gastroenteric virus dissemination and influence of rainfall events in urban beaches in Brazil. J Appl Microbiol. 2014;117(4):1210-8.  https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12592  PMID: 24980661 
  43. Kiulia NM, Hofstra N, Vermeulen LC, Obara MA, Medema G, Rose JB. Global occurrence and emission of rotaviruses to surface waters. Pathogens. 2015;4(2):229-55.  https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens4020229  PMID: 25984911 
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.15.30196
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Submit comment
Close
Comment moderation successfully completed
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error