-
Epidemiology of pertussis in Denmark, 1995 to 2013
- Tine Dalby1 , Peter Henrik Andersen2 , Steen Hoffmann1
-
View Affiliations Hide AffiliationsAffiliations: 1 Statens Serum Institut, Microbiology and Infection Control, Copenhagen, Denmark 2 Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Copenhagen, DenmarkTine DalbyTID ssi.dk
-
View Citation Hide Citation
Citation style for this article: Dalby Tine, Andersen Peter Henrik, Hoffmann Steen. Epidemiology of pertussis in Denmark, 1995 to 2013. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(36):pii=30334. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.36.30334 Received: 06 Oct 2015; Accepted: 22 May 2016
Abstract
We describe incidence and age distribution of laboratory-confirmed pertussis in Denmark from 1995 to 2013. Notification has been mandatory since 2007. Since 1997, an acellular monocomponent vaccine has been used. The latest epidemic occurred in 2002 with an incidence of 36 per 100,000; since 1995, only six infant deaths have been recorded. The inter-epidemic incidence lies below 10 per 100,000. In 1995, the mean age of confirmed cases was 9.2 years (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.9–10.5; median: 5.1), this gradually increased to 23.9 years in 2013 (95% CI: 22.0–25.8; median: 15.7). In 1995, 14% of laboratory-confirmed cases were 20 years and older, 43% in 2013. In the study period, the highest incidence among children was among those younger than one year with incidences between 84 and 331 per 100,000 in inter-epidemic periods (mean: 161/100,000) and 435 for the epidemic in 2002. After introduction of a preschool booster in 2003, the highest incidence among children one year and older changed gradually from three to five-year-olds in 2003 to 12 to 14-year-olds in 2013. In 2013, PCR was the primary method used for laboratory-diagnosis of pertussis in Denmark, while serology was the method with the highest percentage of positive results.
Article metrics loading...
Full text loading...
References
-
Nielsen A, Larsen SO. Kighostens epidemiologi i Danmark før og efter indførelse af vaccination mod kighoste. Vaccinens beskyttelseseffekt og "herd immunity". [Whooping cough epidemiology in Denmark prior to and after the introduction of whooping cough vaccination. Protective effect of the vaccine and herd immunity]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1990;152(9):597-604. Danish. PMID:2309370 PMID: 2309370
-
Black RE, Cousens S, Johnson HL, Lawn JE, Rudan I, Bassani DG, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2010;375(9730):1969-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60549-1 PMID: 20466419
-
Pedersen T, Fisker N, Andersen PH. Fatal case of whooping cough in an infant. EPI-NEWS. 2005; 33. Available from: http://www.ssi.dk/~/media/Indhold/EN%20-%20engelsk/EPI-NEWS/2005/PDF/EPI-NEWS%20-%202005%20-%20No%2033.ashx
-
Knudsen LK, Andersen PH. Whooping cough in children < 2 years. EPI-NEWS. 2011;42-43. Available from: http://www.ssi.dk/English/News/EPI-NEWS/2011/No%2042-43%20-%202011.aspx
-
Wendelboe AM, Van Rie A, Salmaso S, Englund JA. Duration of immunity against pertussis after natural infection or vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24(5) Suppl;S58-61. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000160914.59160.41 PMID: 15876927
-
Wiley KE, Zuo Y, Macartney KK, McIntyre PB. Sources of pertussis infection in young infants: a review of key evidence informing targeting of the cocoon strategy. Vaccine. 2013;31(4):618-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.052 PMID: 23200883
-
Yih WK, Lett SM, des Vignes FN, Garrison KM, Sipe PL, Marchant CD. The increasing incidence of pertussis in Massachusetts adolescents and adults, 1989-1998. J Infect Dis. 2000;182(5):1409-16. https://doi.org/10.1086/315863 PMID: 11023464
-
De Serres G, Shadmani R, Duval B, Boulianne N, Déry P, Douville Fradet M, et al. Morbidity of pertussis in adolescents and adults. J Infect Dis. 2000;182(1):174-9. https://doi.org/10.1086/315648 PMID: 10882595
-
Postels-Multani S, Schmitt HJ, Wirsing von König CH, Bock HL, Bogaerts H. Symptoms and complications of pertussis in adults. Infection. 1995;23(3):139-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01793853 PMID: 7499001
-
Plesner AM, Rønne T. Børnevaccinationsprogrammet. Baggrund, status og fremtid. [The childhood vaccination program. Background, status and future]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1994;156(50):7497-503. Danish. PMID: 7839512
-
Thierry-Carstensen B, Dalby T, Stevner MA, Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Trollfors B. Experience with monocomponent acellular pertussis combination vaccines for infants, children, adolescents and adults--a review of safety, immunogenicity, efficacy and effectiveness studies and 15 years of field experience. Vaccine. 2013;31(45):5178-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.034 PMID: 23994021
-
Heron I, Chen FM, Fusco J. DTaP vaccines from north american vaccine (NAVA): composition and critical parameters. Biologicals. 1999;27(2):91-6. https://doi.org/10.1006/biol.1999.0187 PMID: 10600191
-
Ibsen PH. The effect of formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide and genetic detoxification of pertussis toxin on epitope recognition by murine monoclonal antibodies. Vaccine. 1996;14(5):359-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(95)00230-X PMID: 8735545
-
Pawloski LC, Kirkland KB, Baughman AL, Martin MD, Talbot EA, Messonnier NE, et al. Does tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccination interfere with serodiagnosis of pertussis infection? Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012;19(6):875-80. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.05686-11 PMID: 22539469
-
Carlsson RM, Gustafsson L, Hallander HO, Ljungman M, Olin P, Gothefors L, et al. Two consecutive randomized controlled pertussis booster trials in children initially vaccinated in infancy with an acellular vaccine: The first with a five-component Tdap vaccine to 5-year olds and the second with five- or monocomponent Tdap vaccines at age 14-15 years. Vaccine. 2015;33(31):3717-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.079 PMID: 26057135
-
Dragsted D. Laboratoriepåvist kighoste 1998. [Laboratory confirmation of whooping cough 1998]. EPI-NYT 1999;48. Danish.
-
Dalby T, Seier-Petersen M, Kristiansen MP, Harboe ZB, Krogfelt KA. Problem solved: a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of human antibodies to pertussis toxin eliminates false-positive results occurring at analysis of heat-treated sera. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;63(4):354-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.12.004 PMID: 19249174
-
Dalby T. Whooping cough 2010. EPI-NEWS (www.ssi.dk) 2011; 42-43, 2011.
-
Grimprel E, Bégué P, Anjak I, Betsou F, Guiso N. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction, culture, and western immunoblot serology for diagnosis of Bordetella pertussis infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31(10):2745-50. PMID: 8253976
-
van der Zee A, Agterberg C, Peeters M, Mooi F, Schellekens J. A clinical validation of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis polymerase chain reaction: comparison with culture and serology using samples from patients with suspected whooping cough from a highly immunized population. J Infect Dis. 1996;174(1):89-96. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/174.1.89 PMID: 8656019
-
Nikbin VS, Shahcheraghi F, Lotfi MN, Zahraei SM, Parzadeh M. Comparison of culture and real-time PCR for detection of Bordetella pertussis isolated from patients in Iran. Iran J Microbiol. 2013;5(3):209-14. PMID: 24475325
-
Nakamura Y, Kamachi K, Toyoizumi-Ajisaka H, Otsuka N, Saito R, Tsuruoka J, et al. Marked difference between adults and children in Bordetella pertussis DNA load in nasopharyngeal swabs. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(3):365-70. PMID: 20456454
-
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Pertussis (whooping cough). Diagnosis confirmation: Atlanta: CDC. [Accessed: 27 Dec 2013]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/diagnostic-testing/diagnosis-confirmation.html
-
Dalby T, et al. Guidance and protocol for the use of real-time PCR in laboratory diagnosis of human infection with Bordetella pertussis or Bordetella parapertussis. ECDC Technical Report 2012.
-
Riffelmann M, Wirsing von König CH, Xing D, He Q. Guidance and protocol for the serological diagnosis of human infection with Bordetella pertussis. ECDC Technical Report 2012.
-
Strebel P, Nordin J, Edwards K, Hunt J, Besser J, Burns S, et al. Population-based incidence of pertussis among adolescents and adults, Minnesota, 1995-1996. J Infect Dis. 2001;183(9):1353-9. https://doi.org/10.1086/319853 PMID: 11294666
-
Senzilet LD, Halperin SA, Spika JS, Alagaratnam M, Morris A, Smith B, et al. Pertussis is a frequent cause of prolonged cough illness in adults and adolescents. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32(12):1691-7. https://doi.org/10.1086/320754 PMID: 11360208
-
Statens Serum Institut (SSI). MiBa – the Danish Microbiology Database. Copenhagen: SSI. [Accessed: 10 Mar 2016]. Available from: http://miba.ssi.dk/Service/English.aspx
-
Voldstedlund M, Haarh M, Mølbak K, the MiBa Board of Representatives CMiBa Board of Representatives. The Danish Microbiology Database (MiBa) 2010 to 2013. Euro Surveill. 2014;19(1):20667. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.1.20667 PMID: 24434175
-
Statens Serum Institut (SSI). Difteri-tetanus-kighoste-polio-Hib 3 (12 måneder), vaccinationstilslutning. [Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-polio-Hib 3 (12 months) vaccination coverage]. Copenhagen: SSI. [Accessed: 1 Apr 2016]. Danish: Available from: www.ssi.dk/Smitteberedskab/Sygdomsovervaagning/VaccinationSurveillance.aspx?vaccination=3&cohort=2006|2013&sex=3&landsdel=100&kommune=1000&xaxis=Cohort&show=&datatype=Vaccination&extendedfilters=False#HeaderText
-
Statens Serum Institut (SSI). Difteri-tetanus-kighoste-polio revaccination, vaccinationstilslutning. [Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-polio booster vaccination-coverage]. Copenhagen: SSI. Accessed: 1 Apr 2016. Danish. Available from: www.ssi.dk/Smitteberedskab/Sygdomsovervaagning/VaccinationSurveillance.aspx?vaccination=4&cohort=2000|2008&sex=3&landsdel=100&kommune=1000&xaxis=Cohort&show=Graph&datatype=Vaccination&extendedfilters=False#HeaderText
-
Statistikbanken. Befolkning og valg. Folketal. [Population and elections. Population numbers]. Copenhagen: Danmarks Statistik. [Accessed: 10 Mar 2016]. Danish. Available from: www.statistikbanken.dk
-
Chiappini E, Stival A, Galli L, de Martino M. Pertussis re-emergence in the post-vaccination era. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13(1):151. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-151 PMID: 23530907
-
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Annual epidemiological report 2014 - vaccine-preventable diseases. Stockholm: ECDC; 2014.Available from: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/AER-2014-VPD-FINAL.pdf
-
Barkoff AM, Gröndahl-Yli-Hannuksela K, He Q. Seroprevalence studies of pertussis: what have we learned from different immunized populations. Pathog Dis. 2015;73(7):ftv050. https://doi.org/10.1093/femspd/ftv050 PMID: 26208655
-
He Q, Barkoff AM, Mertsola J, Glismann S, Bacci SEuropean Bordetella expert group (EUpertstrain), et al. High heterogeneity in methods used for the laboratory confirmation of pertussis diagnosis among European countries, 2010: integration of epidemiological and laboratory surveillance must include standardisation of methodologies and quality assurance. Euro Surveill. 2012;17(32):20239. PMID: 22913939
-
Tan T, Dalby T, Forsyth K, Halperin SA, Heininger U, Hozbor D, et al. Pertussis across the globe: recent epidemiologic trends from 2000 to 2013. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;34(9):e222-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000000795 PMID: 26376316
-
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). Kinkhoest [Pertussis]. Bilthoven: RIVM. [Accessed: 10 Mar 2016]. Dutch. Available from: https://atlasinfectieziekten.nl/kinkhoest
-
Public Health England (PHE). Whooping cough (pertussis) statistics. London: PHE. [Accessed: 10 Mar 2016]. Available from: www.gov.uk/government/publications/whooping-cough-pertussis-statistics
-
National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL).Registret för smittsamma sjukdomar, statistisk database. [Infectious diseases register, statistical database]. Helsinki: THL. Accessed: 10 Mar 2016]. Finnish and Swedish. Available from: www.thl.fi/ttr/gen/rpt/statistiker.html
-
Folkehelseinstituttet. MSIS-Statistikk [Norwegian]: www.msis.no/. Accessed: 10-Mar.-2016.
-
Folkhälsomyndigheten. Sjukdomsstatistik. Kikhosta. [Disease statistics. Pertussis]. Solna: Folkhälsomyndigheten. [Accessed: 10-Mar.-2016]. Swedish. Available from: https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/folkhalsorapportering-statistik/statistikdatabaser-och-visualisering/sjukdomsstatistik/kikhosta/
-
Australian Government Department of Health. National notifiable diseases surveillance system. Canberra: Department of Health. [Accessed: 10-Mar.-2016]. Available from: www9.health.gov.au/cda/source/cda-index.cfm
-
Quinn HE, McIntyre PB. Pertussis epidemiology in Australia over the decade 1995-2005--trends by region and age group. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2007;31(2):205-15. PMID: 17724997
-
Halperin SA. The control of pertussis--2007 and beyond. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(2):110-3. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp068288 PMID: 17215528
-
Edwards K, Freeman DM. Adolescent and adult pertussis: disease burden and prevention. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2006;18(1):77-80. PMID: 16470167
-
Kmietowicz Z. Pertussis cases rise 10-fold among older children and adults in England and Wales. BMJ. 2012;345(jul23 1):e5008. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e5008 PMID: 22826583
-
Bamberger ES, Srugo I. What is new in pertussis? Eur J Pediatr. 2008;167(2):133-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-007-0548-2 PMID: 17668241
-
Fry NK, Tzivra O, Li YT, McNiff A, Doshi N, Maple PA, et al. Laboratory diagnosis of pertussis infections: the role of PCR and serology. J Med Microbiol. 2004;53(Pt 6):519-25. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45624-0 PMID: 15150332
-
Vestrheim DF, Steinbakk M, Bjørnstad ML, Moghaddam A, Reinton N, Dahl ML, et al. Recovery of Bordetella pertussis from PCR-positive nasopharyngeal samples is dependent on bacterial load. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(12):4114-5. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01553-12 PMID: 23035189
Data & Media loading...