1887
  1. Home
  2. Eurosurveillance
  3. Volume 22, Issue 21, 25/May/2017
  4. Article
Research article Open Access
Like 0
Download

Abstract

Current guidelines recommend hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing for HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) with ongoing risk behaviour, without specifying the type of risk behaviour. We developed and validated the HCV-MOSAIC risk score to assist HCV testing in HIV-infected MSM. The risk score consisted of six self-reported risk factors identified using multivariable logistic regression using data from the Dutch MOSAIC study (n = 213, 2009–2013). Area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, post-test-probability-of-disease and diagnostic gain were calculated. The risk score was validated in case–control studies from Belgium (n = 142, 2010–2013) and the United Kingdom (n = 190, 2003–2005) and in cross-sectional surveys at a Dutch sexually transmitted infections clinic (n = 284, 2007–2009). The AUC was 0.82; sensitivity 78.0% and specificity 78.6%. In the validation studies sensitivity ranged from 73.1% to 100% and specificity from 56.2% to 65.6%. The post-test-probability-of-disease ranged from 5.9% to 20.0% given acute HCV prevalence of 1.7% to 6.4%, yielding a diagnostic gain of 4.2% to 13.6%. The HCV-MOSAIC risk score can successfully identify HIV-infected MSM at risk for acute HCV infection. It could be a promising tool to improve HCV testing strategies in various settings.

© Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.21.30540
2017-05-25
2025-07-19
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.21.30540
Loading
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/eurosurveillance/22/21/eurosurv-22-21-3.html?itemId=/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.21.30540&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. van de Laar TJ, Matthews GV, Prins M, Danta M. Acute hepatitis C in HIV-infected men who have sex with men: an emerging sexually transmitted infection. AIDS. 2010;24(12):1799-812.  https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833c11a5  PMID: 20601854 
  2. Kaplan-Lewis E, Fierer DS. Acute HCV in HIV-infected MSM: modes of acquisition, liver fibrosis, and treatment. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2015;12(3):317-25.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-015-0279-3  PMID: 26152661 
  3. Hagan H, Jordan AE, Neurer J, Cleland CM. Incidence of sexually transmitted hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-positive men who have sex with men. AIDS. 2015;29(17):2335-45.  https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000834  PMID: 26258525 
  4. van Santen DK. on behalf of the CASCADE Collaboration in EuroCoord. No Decline in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Incidence among HIV-positive Men who Have Sex with Men (MSM) within CASCADE: 1990-2014. European AIDS Conference. Barcelona. 21-24 Oct 2015. Abstract. BPD2/7.
  5. American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD) / Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) / International AIDS Society (IAS)–USA. HCV testing and linkage to care. [Accessed 4 Apr 2016]. Available from: http://www.hcvguidelines.org/full-report/hcv-testing-and-linkage-care
  6. Nederlandse Vereniging van Hiv-behandelaren. [Dutch Association of HIV treating physicians]. Richtlijn HIV. [HIV guidelines]. [Accessed 4 Apr 2016]. Dutch. Available from: http://richtlijnhiv.nvhb.nl/index.php/Hoofdpagina
  7. European AIDS Treatment Network (NEAT) Acute Hepatitis C Infection Consensus Panel. Acute hepatitis C in HIV-infected individuals: recommendations from the European AIDS Treatment Network (NEAT) consensus conference. AIDS. 2011;25(4):399-409. PMID: 21139491 
  8. Thomson EC, Nastouli E, Main J, Karayiannis P, Eliahoo J, Muir D, et al. Delayed anti-HCV antibody response in HIV-positive men acutely infected with HCV. AIDS. 2009;23(1):89-93.  https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831940a3  PMID: 19050390 
  9. Vanhommerig JW, Thomas XV, van der Meer JT, Geskus RB, Bruisten SM, Molenkamp R, et al. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody dynamics following acute HCV infection and reinfection among HIV-infected men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(12):1678-85.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu695  PMID: 25186590 
  10. Martin NK, Vickerman P, Dore GJ, Hickman M. The hepatitis C virus epidemics in key populations (including people who inject drugs, prisoners and MSM): the use of direct-acting antivirals as treatment for prevention. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2015;10(5):374-80.  https://doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000179  PMID: 26248124 
  11. Wand H, Iversen J, Wilson D, Topp L, Maher L. Developing and validating a scoring tool for identifying people who inject drugs at increased risk of hepatitis C virus infection. BMJ Open. 2012;2(1):e000387.  https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000387  PMID: 22218720 
  12. Bharti AR, Letendre SL, Wolfson T, Clifford D, Collier AC, Gelman B, et al. Clinical variables identify seronegative HCV co-infection in HIV-infected individuals. J Clin Virol. 2011;52(4):328-32.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2011.08.021  PMID: 21924674 
  13. Nguyen MT, Herrine SK, Laine CA, Ruth K, Weinberg DS. Description of a new hepatitis C risk assessment tool. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(17):2013-8.  https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.17.2013  PMID: 16186472 
  14. Zuure F, Davidovich U, Kok G, Depla AC, Hoebe C, van den Hoek A, et al. Evaluation of a risk assessment questionnaire to assist hepatitis C screening in the general population. Euro Surveill. 2010;15(15):19539. PMID: 20429995 
  15. McGinn T, O’Connor-Moore N, Alfandre D, Gardenier D, Wisnivesky J. Validation of a hepatitis C screening tool in primary care. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(18):2009-13.  https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.18.2009  PMID: 18852403 
  16. Lapane KL, Jakiche AF, Sugano D, Weng CS, Carey WD. Hepatitis C infection risk analysis: who should be screened? Comparison of multiple screening strategies based on the National Hepatitis Surveillance Program. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93(4):591-6.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.170_b.x  PMID: 9576453 
  17. Lambers FA, Brinkman K, Schinkel J, Spijkerman IJ, Molenkamp R, Coutinho RA, et al. Treatment of acute hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected MSM: the effect of treatment duration. AIDS. 2011;25(10):1333-6.  https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283480144  PMID: 21516025 
  18. Vanhommerig JW, Lambers FA, Schinkel J, Geskus RB, Arends JE, van de Laar TJ, et al. Risk Factors for Sexual Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Case-Control Study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2015;2(3):ofv115. PMID: 26634219 
  19. Apers L, Vanden Berghe W, De Wit S, Kabeya K, Callens S, Buyze J, et al. Risk factors for HCV acquisition among HIV-positive MSM in Belgium. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;68(5):585-93.  https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000528  PMID: 25763786 
  20. Danta M, Brown D, Bhagani S, Pybus OG, Sabin CA, Nelson M, et al. Recent epidemic of acute hepatitis C virus in HIV-positive men who have sex with men linked to high-risk sexual behaviours. AIDS. 2007;21(8):983-91.  https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e3281053a0c  PMID: 17457092 
  21. Urbanus AT, Van De Laar TJ, Geskus R, Vanhommerig JW, Van Rooijen MS, Schinkel J, et al. Trends in hepatitis C virus infections among MSM attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic; 1995-2010. AIDS. 2014;28(5):781-90.  https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000126  PMID: 24832014 
  22. Newcombe RG. Interval estimation for the difference between independent proportions: comparison of eleven methods. Stat Med. 1998;17(8):873-90.  https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19980430)17:8<873::AID-SIM779>3.0.CO;2-I  PMID: 9595617 
  23. Akobeng AK. Understanding diagnostic tests 2: likelihood ratios, pre- and post-test probabilities and their use in clinical practice. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96(4):487-91.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.00179.x  PMID: 17306009 
  24. Fagan TJ. Letter: Nomogram for Bayes theorem. N Engl J Med. 1975;293(5):257.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197507312930513  PMID: 1143310 
  25. De Vries HJC, Van Doornum GJJ, Bax CJ, Van Bergen JEAM, De Bes J, Van Dam AP, et al. Multidisciplinaire Richtlijn Seksueel Overdraagbare Aandoeningen voor de 2e Lijn. [Multidisciplinary guideline Sexually Transmitted Infections for the second line]. Utrecht: Nederlandse Vereniging voor Dermatologie en Venereologie [Dutch Society for Dermatology and Venereology]; 2012. Dutch. Available from: http://www.nvdv.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Multidisciplinaire-richtlijn-SOA-voor-de-2e-lijn-2012-13.pdf
  26. Sharghi N, Bosch RJ, Mayer K, Essex M, Seage GR 3rd. The development and utility of a clinical algorithm to predict early HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;40(4):472-8.  https://doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000164246.49098.47  PMID: 16280704 
  27. Hoenigl M, Weibel N, Mehta SR, Anderson CM, Jenks J, Green N, et al. Development and validation of the San Diego Early Test Score to predict acute and early HIV infection risk in men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(3):468-75.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ335  PMID: 25904374 
  28. Powers KA, Miller WC, Pilcher CD, Mapanje C, Martinson FE, Fiscus SA, et al. Improved detection of acute HIV-1 infection in sub-Saharan Africa: development of a risk score algorithm. AIDS. 2007;21(16):2237-42.  https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f08b4d  PMID: 18090052 
  29. Jordan AE, Perlman DC, Neurer J, Smith DJ, Des Jarlais DC, Hagan H. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among HIV+ men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J STD AIDS. 2017;28(2):145-59.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462416630910  PMID: 26826159 
  30. Lambers FA, Prins M, Thomas X, Molenkamp R, Kwa D, Brinkman K, et al. Alarming incidence of hepatitis C virus re-infection after treatment of sexually acquired acute hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected MSM. AIDS. 2011;25(17):F21-7.  https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834bac44  PMID: 21857492 
  31. Vanhommerig JW, van de Laar TJ, Koot M, van Rooijen MS, Schinkel J, Speksnijder AG, et al. Evaluation of a hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigen assay for routine HCV screening among men who have sex with men infected with HIV. J Virol Methods. 2015;213:147-50.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.11.026  PMID: 25528203 
  32. van de Laar TJ, Paxton WA, Zorgdrager F, Cornelissen M, de Vries HJ. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus in human immunodeficiency virus-negative men who have sex with men: a series of case reports. Sex Transm Dis. 2011;38(2):102-4.  https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181ec9de5  PMID: 20706177 
  33. Volk JE, Marcus JL, Phengrasamy T, Hare CB. Incident Hepatitis C Virus Infections Among Users of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis in a Clinical Practice Setting. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(11):1728-9.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ129  PMID: 25694649 
  34. Molina JM, Capitant C, Spire B, Pialoux G, Cotte L, Charreau I, et al. On-Demand Preexposure Prophylaxis in Men at High Risk for HIV-1 Infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(23):2237-46.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506273  PMID: 26624850 
  35. McCormack S, Dunn DT, Desai M, Dolling DI, Gafos M, Gilson R, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-label randomised trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10013):53-60.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00056-2  PMID: 26364263 
  36. Ingiliz P, Martin TC, Rodger A, Stellbrink HJ, Mauss S, Boesecke C, et al. HCV reinfection incidence and spontaneous clearance rates in HIV-positive men who have sex with men in Western Europe. J Hepatol. 2017;66(2):282-7.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2016.09.004  PMID: 27650285 
  37. Martin TC, Martin NK, Hickman M, Vickerman P, Page EE, Everett R, et al. Hepatitis C virus reinfection incidence and treatment outcome among HIV-positive MSM. AIDS. 2013;27(16):2551-7.  https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32836381cc  PMID: 23736152 
Development and validation of the HCV-MOSAIC risk score to assist testing for acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM)
<p class="citation"> <span>Citation style for this article:</span> <span class="meta-value authors"> <a href="/search?value1=Astrid+M+Newsum&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Newsum Astrid M</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Ineke+G+Stolte&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Stolte Ineke G</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Jan+TM+van+der+Meer&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">van der Meer Jan TM</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Janke+Schinkel&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Schinkel Janke</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Marc+van+der+Valk&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">van der Valk Marc</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Joost+W+Vanhommerig&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Vanhommerig Joost W</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Anne+Buv%C3%A9&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Buvé Anne</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Mark+Danta&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Danta Mark</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Arjan+Hogewoning&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Hogewoning Arjan</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Maria+Prins&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Prins Maria</a>, <a href="/search?value1=on+behalf+of+the+MOSAIC+%28MSM+Observational+Study+of+Acute+Infection+with+hepatitis+C%29+study+group&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">on behalf of the MOSAIC (MSM Observational Study of Acute Infection with hepatitis C) study group</a></span>. Development and validation of the HCV-MOSAIC risk score to assist testing for acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). <a href="/content/ecdc">Euro Surveill.</a> 2017;22(21):pii=30540. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.21.30540" title="doi link" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.21.30540</a> <span class="ES_Article_citation"> <span class="generated">Received</span>: 25 May 2016;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="generated">Accepted</span>: 22 Dec 2016 </span> </p>
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.21.30540
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.21.30540
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Submit comment
Close
Comment moderation successfully completed
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error