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Abstract

Background

Data on infectious encephalitis in immunodeficient (ID) individuals are scarce. This population may present with atypical clinical symptoms, be infected by uncommon pathogens and develop poor outcomes.

Aim

We aimed to describe the epidemiology of infectious encephalitis among HIV-negative ID patients.

Methods

Patients from the ENCEIF (Etude Nationale de Cohorte des Encéphalites Infectieuses en France) prospective cohort meeting criteria for infectious encephalitis between January 2016 and December 2019 were included. We compared clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results, biological results, infection causes and outcome of ID patients with immunocompetent (IC) patients using Pearson’s chi-squared test and Student’s t-test. We carried out logistic regression to assess the role of immunodeficiency as risk factor for poor outcome.

Results

ID patients (n = 58) were older (mean 72 vs 59 years), had higher prevalence of diabetes (26% vs 12%), pre-existing neurological disorders (12% vs 5%) and higher case-fatality rate (23.6% vs 5.6%) compared to IC patients (n = 436). Varicella zoster virus was the primary cause of encephalitis in ID patients (this aetiology was more frequent in ID (25.9%) than in IC patients (11.5%)), with herpes simplex virus second (22.4% in ID patients vs 27.3% in IC patients). Immunodeficiency was an independent risk factor for death or major sequelae (odds ratio: 3.41, 95%CI: 1.70–6.85).

Conclusions

Varicella zoster virus is the most frequent cause of infectious encephalitis in ID patients. Immunodeficiency is a major risk factor for poor outcome. ID encephalitis patients should benefit from stringent investigation of cause and early empiric treatment.

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/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.6.2300046
2024-02-08
2024-04-27
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.6.2300046
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Encephalitis in HIV-negative immunodeficient patients: a prospective multicentre study, France, 2016 to 2019
<p class="citation"> <span>Citation style for this article:</span> <span class="meta-value authors"> <a href="/search?value1=Sophie+Landr%C3%A9&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Landré Sophie</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Florence+Ader&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Ader Florence</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Olivier+Epaulard&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Epaulard Olivier</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Pierre+Tattevin&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Tattevin Pierre</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Jean+Paul+Stahl&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Stahl Jean Paul</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Alexandra+Mailles&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Mailles Alexandra</a>, <a href="/search?value1=on+behalf+of+the+Steering+committee+and+Investigators&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">on behalf of the Steering committee and Investigators</a></span>. Encephalitis in HIV-negative immunodeficient patients: a prospective multicentre study, France, 2016 to 2019. <a href="/content/ecdc">Euro Surveill.</a> 2024;29(6):pii=2300046. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.6.2300046" title="doi link" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.6.2300046</a> <span class="ES_Article_citation"> <span class="generated">Received</span>: 13 Jan 2023;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="generated">Accepted</span>: 01 Jun 2023 </span> </p>
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.6.2300046
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.6.2300046
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