1887
Systematic Review Open Access
Like 0

Abstract

Background

In Europe, HIV disproportionately affects men who have sex with men (MSM), people who inject drugs (PWID), prisoners, sex workers, and transgender people. Epidemiological data are primarily available from national HIV case surveillance systems that rarely capture information on sex work, gender identity or imprisonment. Surveillance of HIV prevalence in key populations often occurs as independent studies with no established mechanism for collating such information at the European level.

Aim

We assessed HIV prevalence in MSM, PWID, prisoners, sex workers, and transgender people in the 30 European Union/European Economic Area countries and the United Kingdom.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed studies published during 2009–19, by searching PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. Data are presented in forest plots by country, as simple prevalence or pooled across multiple studies.

Results

Eighty-seven country- and population-specific studies were identified from 23 countries. The highest number of studies, and the largest variation in HIV prevalence, were identified for MSM, ranging from 2.4–29.0% (19 countries) and PWID, from 0.0–59.5% (13 countries). Prevalence ranged from 0.0–15.6% in prisoners (nine countries), 1.1–8.5% in sex workers (five countries) and was 10.9% in transgender people (one country). Individuals belonging to several key population groups had higher prevalence.

Conclusion

This review demonstrates that HIV prevalence is highly diverse across population groups and countries. People belonging to multiple key population groups are particularly vulnerable; however, more studies are needed, particularly for sex workers, transgender people and people with multiple risks.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.47.2100044
2021-11-25
2024-03-29
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.47.2100044
Loading
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/eurosurveillance/26/47/eurosurv-26-47-5.html?itemId=/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.47.2100044&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)/World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe. HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2020 – 2019 data. Copenhagen: WHO/Europe; 2020. Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/en/publications/abstracts/hivaids-surveillance-in-europe-2020-2019-data
  2. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). HIV and men who have sex with men. Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on partnership to fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2018 progress report. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/HIV-men-who-have-sex-with-men-Dublin-declaration.pdf
  3. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). HIV and people who inject drugs. Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on partnership to fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2018 progress report. Stockholm: ECDC; 2019. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/HIV-people-who-inject-drugs-Dublin-Declaration.pdf
  4. Beyrer C, Baral SD, Walker D, Wirtz AL, Johns B, Sifakis F. The expanding epidemics of HIV type 1 among men who have sex with men in low- and middle-income countries: diversity and consistency. Epidemiol Rev. 2010;32(1):137-51.  https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxq011  PMID: 20573756 
  5. Degenhardt L, Peacock A, Colledge S, Leung J, Grebely J, Vickerman P, et al. Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(12):e1192-207.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30375-3  PMID: 29074409 
  6. Mathers BM, Degenhardt L, Ali H, Wiessing L, Hickman M, Mattick RP, et al. HIV prevention, treatment, and care services for people who inject drugs: a systematic review of global, regional, and national coverage. Lancet. 2010;375(9719):1014-28.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60232-2  PMID: 20189638 
  7. EuroHIV. HIV/AIDS Surveillance in Europe. End-year report 2006. No. 75. Saint-Maurice: Institut de veille sanitaire; 2007. Available from: https://www.pnvihsida.dgs.pt/estudos-e-estatisticas111111/relatorios1/internacionais-europeus1/oms1/eurohiv-hivaids-surveillance-in-europe-no-751.aspx
  8. Baral S, Beyrer C, Muessig K, Poteat T, Wirtz AL, Decker MR, et al. Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(7):538-49.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70066-X  PMID: 22424777 
  9. Baral SD, Friedman MR, Geibel S, Rebe K, Bozhinov B, Diouf D, et al. Male sex workers: practices, contexts, and vulnerabilities for HIV acquisition and transmission. Lancet. 2015;385(9964):260-73.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60801-1  PMID: 25059939 
  10. Dolan K, Wirtz AL, Moazen B, Ndeffo-Mbah M, Galvani A, Kinner SA, et al. Global burden of HIV, viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis in prisoners and detainees. Lancet. 2016;388(10049):1089-102.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30466-4  PMID: 27427453 
  11. Platt L, Jolley E, Rhodes T, Hope V, Latypov A, Reynolds L, et al. Factors mediating HIV risk among female sex workers in Europe: a systematic review and ecological analysis. BMJ Open. 2013;3(7):e002836.  https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002836  PMID: 23883879 
  12. Baral SD, Poteat T, Strömdahl S, Wirtz AL, Guadamuz TE, Beyrer C. Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(3):214-22.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70315-8  PMID: 23260128 
  13. UNAIDS. Key population atlas. Geneva: UNAIDS. [Accessed: 27 May 2021]. Available from: https://kpatlas.unaids.org/dashboard
  14. Marcus U, Hickson F, Weatherburn P, Schmidt AJ, EMIS Network. Estimating the size of the MSM populations for 38 European countries by calculating the survey-surveillance discrepancies (SSD) between self-reported new HIV diagnoses from the European MSM internet survey (EMIS) and surveillance-reported HIV diagnoses among MSM in 2009. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):919.  https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-919  PMID: 24088198 
  15. Aebi MF, Tiago MM. Prisons and Prisoners in Europe 2019: Key Findings of the SPACE I report. Strasbourg: Council of Europe; 2020. Available from: https://wp.unil.ch/space/files/2020/04/Key-Findings-2019_200406.pdf
  16. Adair P, Nezhyvenko O. Assessing how large is the market for prostitution in the European Union. Éthique et économique / Ethics and economics. 2017;14(2):116-36. Available from: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01672872
  17. Nolan IT, Kuhner CJ, Dy GW. Demographic and temporal trends in transgender identities and gender confirming surgery. Transl Androl Urol. 2019;8(3):184-90.  https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2019.04.09  PMID: 31380225 
  18. Pharris A, Quinten C, Noori T, Amato-Gauci AJ, van Sighem A, ECDC HIV/AIDS Surveillance and Dublin Declaration Monitoring Networks. Estimating HIV incidence and number of undiagnosed individuals living with HIV in the European Union/European Economic Area, 2015. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(48):30417.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.48.30417  PMID: 27934585 
  19. Vourli G, Noori T, Pharris A, Porter K, Axelsson M, Begovac J, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus continuum of care in 11 European Union countries at the end of 2016 overall and by key population: have we made progress? Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(11):2905-16.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa696  PMID: 32960957 
  20. UNAIDS. AIDSinfo: Global data on HIV epidemiology and response. Geneva: UNAIDS. [Acccessed: 27 May 2021]. Available from: https://aidsinfo.unaids.org
  21. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). HIV prevalence in the EU/EEA: a systematic literature review. Forthcoming.
  22. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097  PMID: 19621072 
  23. Klavs I, Bergant N, Kastelic Z, Lamut A, Kustec T. Disproportionate and increasing burden of HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Slovenia: surveillance data for 1999-2008. Euro Surveill. 2009;14(47):19419.  https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.14.47.19419-en  PMID: 19941802 
  24. Mirandola M, Gios L, Sherriff N, Marcus U, Toskin I, Rosinska M, et al. Quantifying unmet prevention needs among MSM in Europe through a multi-site bio-behavioural survey. Euro Surveill. 2018;23(49).  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.49.1800097  PMID: 30621823 
  25. Kolarić B. Croatia: still a low-level HIV epidemic?--seroprevalence study. Coll Antropol. 2011;35(3):861-5. PMID: 22053568 
  26. Bozicevic I, Lepej SZ, Rode OD, Grgic I, Jankovic P, Dominkovic Z, et al. Prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections and patterns of recent HIV testing among men who have sex with men in Zagreb, Croatia. Sex Transm Infect. 2012;88(7):539-44.  https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2011-050374  PMID: 22628664 
  27. Pylli M, Middleton N, Charalambous A, Raftopoulos V. HIV prevalence, sexual and HIV testing behaviors among men who have sex with men in the Republic of Cyprus: 2011-2012 data from a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14(1):432.  https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-432  PMID: 25100634 
  28. Mirandola M, Folch Toda C, Krampac I, Nita I, Stanekova D, Stehlikova D, et al. HIV bio-behavioural survey among men who have sex with men in Barcelona, Bratislava, Bucharest, Ljubljana, Prague and Verona, 2008-2009. Euro Surveill. 2009;14(48):19427.  https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.14.48.19427-en  PMID: 20003897 
  29. Vanden Berghe W, Nostlinger C, Buvé A, Beelaert G, Fransen K, Laga M. A venue-based HIV prevalence and behavioural study among men who have sex with men in Antwerp and Ghent, Flanders, Belgium, October 2009 to March 2010. Euro Surveill. 2011;16(28):19914.  https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.16.28.19914-en  PMID: 21794222 
  30. Amirkhanian YA, Kelly JA, Takacs J, Kuznetsova AV, DiFranceisco WJ, Mocsonaki L, et al. HIV/STD prevalence, risk behavior, and substance use patterns and predictors in Russian and Hungarian sociocentric social networks of men who have sex with men. AIDS Educ Prev. 2009;21(3):266-79.  https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2009.21.3.266  PMID: 19519240 
  31. McDaid LM, Hart GJ. Increased HIV testing and reduced undiagnosed infection among gay men in Scotland, 2005-8: support for the opt-out testing policy? Sex Transm Infect. 2011;87(3):221-4.  https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2010.044560  PMID: 21325443 
  32. Wallace LA, Li J, McDaid LM. HIV prevalence and undiagnosed infection among a community sample of gay and bisexual men in Scotland, 2005-2011: implications for HIV testing policy and prevention. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e90805.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090805  PMID: 24621479 
  33. Aghaizu A, Wayal S, Nardone A, Parsons V, Copas A, Mercey D, et al. Sexual behaviours, HIV testing, and the proportion of men at risk of transmitting and acquiring HIV in London, UK, 2000-13: a serial cross-sectional study. Lancet HIV. 2016;3(9):e431-40.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(16)30037-6  PMID: 27562744 
  34. Velter A, Barin F, Bouyssou A, Guinard J, Léon L, Le Vu S, et al. HIV prevalence and sexual risk behaviors associated with awareness of HIV status among men who have sex with men in Paris, France. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(4):1266-78.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0303-1  PMID: 22968398 
  35. Sommen C, Saboni L, Sauvage C, Alexandre A, Lot F, Barin F, et al. Time location sampling in men who have sex with men in the HIV context: the importance of taking into account sampling weights and frequency of venue attendance. Epidemiol Infect. 2018;146(7):913-9.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268818000675  PMID: 29606158 
  36. Etcheverry MF, de Lazzari E, Fuchs JD, Meroño M, Sierra E, Del Romero J, et al. Pilot study assessing HIV vaccine trial readiness among female sex workers, injection and non-injection drug users, and men who have sex with men in Spain. AIDS Behav. 2010;14(3):607-17.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9486-x  PMID: 19037720 
  37. Folch C, Casabona J, Muñoz R, González V, Zaragoza K. Incremento en la prevalencia del VIH y en las conductas de riesgo asociadas en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres: 12 años de encuestas de vigilancia conductual en Cataluña. [Increase in the prevalence of HIV and in associated risk behaviors in men who have sex with men: 12 years of behavioral surveillance surveys in Catalonia (Spain)]. Gac Sanit. 2010;24(1):40-6. Spanish.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2009.06.010  PMID: 19962792 
  38. Achterbergh R, van der Helm JJ, van den Boom W, Heijman T, Stolte IG, van Rooijen MS, et al. Is rectal douching and sharing douching equipment associated with anorectal chlamydia and gonorrhoea? A cross-sectional study among men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Infect. 2017;93(6):431-7.  https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2016-052777  PMID: 28108702 
  39. Kolarić B, Stajduhar D, Gajnik D, Rukavina T, Wiessing L. Seroprevalence of blood-borne infections and population sizes estimates in a population of injecting drug users in Croatia. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2010;18(2):104-9.  https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a3576  PMID: 20939261 
  40. Kolovrat A, Jurisić I, Marić Z, Cvitković A. Usporedba prevalencije biljega hepatitisa B, C i HIV-A medu intravenskim ovisnicima lijecenima ambulantno i u terapijskoj zajednici na podrucju Brodsko-posavske zupanije. [Prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV among injecting drug users treated outpatiently and in therapeutic community in Brod-Posavina County, Croatia]. Acta Med Croatica. 2010;64(4):287-96. Croatian. PMID: 21688612 
  41. Vilibić-Čavlek T, Kolarić B, Pavlić J, Kosanović-Ličina ML, Nemeth-Blažić T. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for HIV, Hepatitis B, and Syphilis in Populations with High-risk Behaviors in Croatia. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2018;26(4):3147-320. PMID: 30665481 
  42. Handanagic S, Bozicevic I, Civljak M, Dominkovic Z, Sevic S, Barbaric J, et al. HIV and hepatitis C prevalence, and related risk behaviours among people who inject drugs in three cities in Croatia: Findings from respondent-driven sampling surveys. Int J Drug Policy. 2016;32:57-63.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.04.007  PMID: 27160504 
  43. Wenz B, Nielsen S, Gassowski M, Santos-Hövener C, Cai W, Ross RS, et al. High variability of HIV and HCV seroprevalence and risk behaviours among people who inject drugs: results from a cross-sectional study using respondent-driven sampling in eight German cities (2011-14). BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):927.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3545-4  PMID: 27595567 
  44. Gyarmathy VA, Neaigus A, Li N, Ujhelyi E, Caplinskiene I, Caplinskas S, et al. Liquid drugs and high dead space syringes may keep HIV and HCV prevalence high - a comparison of Hungary and Lithuania. Eur Addict Res. 2010;16(4):220-8.  https://doi.org/10.1159/000320287  PMID: 20798543 
  45. Origer A, Schmit JC. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C and HIV infections among problem drug users in Luxembourg: self-report versus serological evidence. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012;66(1):64-8.  https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.101378  PMID: 20889592 
  46. Blomé MA, Björkman P, Flamholc L, Jacobsson H, Molnegren V, Widell A. Minimal transmission of HIV despite persistently high transmission of hepatitis C virus in a Swedish needle exchange program. J Viral Hepat. 2011;18(12):831-9.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01400.x  PMID: 21114587 
  47. Marongiu A, Hope VD, Parry JV, Ncube F. Male IDUs who have sex with men in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: are they at greater risk of bloodborne virus infection and harm than those who only have sex with women? Sex Transm Infect. 2012;88(6):456-61.  https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2011-050450  PMID: 22628667 
  48. Hickman M, Hope V, Coleman B, Parry J, Telfer M, Twigger J, et al. Assessing IDU prevalence and health consequences (HCV, overdose and drug-related mortality) in a primary care trust: implications for public health action. J Public Health (Oxf). 2009;31(3):374-82.  https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdp067  PMID: 19596666 
  49. Hope VD, Harris R, McVeigh J, Cullen KJ, Smith J, Parry JV, et al. Risk of HIV and Hepatitis B and C over time among men who inject image and performance enhancing drugs in England and Wales: results from cross-sectional prevalence surveys, 1992-2013. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;71(3):331-7.  https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000835  PMID: 26361173 
  50. Hope VD, Harris RJ, De Angelis D, Croxford S, Marongiu A, Parry JV, et al. Two decades of successes and failures in controlling the transmission of HIV through injecting drug use in England and Wales, 1990 to 2011. Euro Surveill. 2014;19(14):20762.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.14.20762  PMID: 24739984 
  51. Hope VD, Iversen J, Cullen KJ, Parry JV, Maher L, Nucbe F. Injection into the jugular vein among people who inject drugs in the United Kingdom: Prevalence, associated factors and harms. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;46:28-33.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.005  PMID: 28586700 
  52. McAuley A, Palmateer NE, Goldberg DJ, Trayner KMA, Shepherd SJ, Gunson RN, et al. Re-emergence of HIV related to injecting drug use despite a comprehensive harm reduction environment: a cross-sectional analysis. Lancet HIV. 2019;6(5):e315-24.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30036-0  PMID: 30981674 
  53. Jauffret-Roustide M, Le Strat Y, Couturier E, Thierry D, Rondy M, Quaglia M, et al. A national cross-sectional study among drug-users in France: epidemiology of HCV and highlight on practical and statistical aspects of the design. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9(1):113.  https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-9-113  PMID: 19607712 
  54. Weill-Barillet L, Pillonel J, Semaille C, Léon L, Le Strat Y, Pascal X, et al. Hepatitis C virus and HIV seroprevalences, sociodemographic characteristics, behaviors and access to syringes among drug users, a comparison of geographical areas in France, ANRS-Coquelicot 2011 survey. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2016;64(4):301-12.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2015.10.003  PMID: 26904917 
  55. Hatzakis A, Sypsa V, Paraskevis D, Nikolopoulos G, Tsiara C, Micha K, et al. Design and baseline findings of a large-scale rapid response to an HIV outbreak in people who inject drugs in Athens, Greece: the ARISTOTLE programme. Addiction. 2015;110(9):1453-67.  https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12999  PMID: 26032121 
  56. Fotiou A, Kanavou E, Antaraki A, Richardson C, Terzidou M, Kokkevi A, Drug Related Infectious Diseases (DRID) Medical Doctors Group of OKANA. HCV/HIV coinfection among people who inject drugs and enter opioid substitution treatment in Greece: prevalence and correlates. Hepatol Med Policy. 2016;1(1):9.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s41124-016-0017-5  PMID: 30288313 
  57. Camoni L, Regine V, Salfa MC, Nicoletti G, Canuzzi P, Magliocchetti N, et al. Prevalence and correlates of infection with human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus among drug users in Italy: a cross-sectional study. Scand J Infect Dis. 2009;41(6-7):520-3.  https://doi.org/10.1080/00365540902946528  PMID: 19415569 
  58. Rosińska M, Sierosławski J, Wiessing L. High regional variability of HIV, HCV and injecting risks among people who inject drugs in Poland: comparing a cross-sectional bio-behavioural study with case-based surveillance. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15(1):83.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-0828-9  PMID: 25879904 
  59. Huntington S, Folch C, González V, Meroño M, Ncube F, Casabona J. Prevalencia del VIH, hepatitis C y factores asociados en usuarios de drogas por vía parenteral seleccionados en Cataluña. [Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus, and associated factors among injecting drug users in Catalonia]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2010;28(4):236-8. Spanish.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2009.06.004  PMID: 19695744 
  60. Sanvisens A, Rivas I, Faure E, Muñoz T, Rubio M, Fuster D, et al. Características de los pacientes adictos a la heroína admitidos en un programa de tratamiento con metadona. [Characteristics of heroin dependent patients admitted to a methadone treatment program]. Med Clin (Barc). 2014;142(2):53-8. Spanish.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2012.10.023  PMID: 23337454 
  61. Folch C, Casabona J, Brugal MT, Majó X, Esteve A, Meroño M, et al. Sexually transmitted infections and sexual practices among injecting drug users in harm reduction centers in Catalonia. Eur Addict Res. 2011;17(5):271-8.  https://doi.org/10.1159/000329931  PMID: 21791924 
  62. Folch C, Casabona J, Espelt A, Majó X, Meroño M, Gonzalez V, et al. Gender differences in HIV risk behaviours among intravenous drug users in Catalonia, Spain. Gac Sanit. 2013;27(4):338-43.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2013.02.006  PMID: 23578527 
  63. Folch C, Casabona J, Espelt A, Majó X, Meroño M, Gonzalez V, et al. High prevalence and incidence of HIV and HCV among new injecting drug users with a large proportion of migrants--is prevention failing? Subst Use Misuse. 2016;51(2):250-60.  https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2015.1092991  PMID: 26820260 
  64. Uusküla A, Des Jarlais DC, Kals M, Rüütel K, Abel-Ollo K, Talu A, et al. Expanded syringe exchange programs and reduced HIV infection among new injection drug users in Tallinn, Estonia. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):517.  https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-517  PMID: 21718469 
  65. Uusküla A, Raag M, Vorobjov S, Rüütel K, Lyubimova A, Levina OS, et al. Non-fatal overdoses and related risk factors among people who inject drugs in St. Petersburg, Russia and Kohtla-Järve, Estonia. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):1255.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2604-6  PMID: 26684815 
  66. Derks L, Gassowski M, Nielsen S, An der Heiden M, Bannert N, Bock CT, et al. Risk behaviours and viral infections among drug injecting migrants from the former Soviet Union in Germany: Results from the DRUCK-study. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;59:54-62.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.06.011  PMID: 30005420 
  67. Hernández-Fernández T, Arroyo-Cobo JM. Resultados de la experiencia española: una aproximación global al VIH y al VHC en prisiones. [Results of the Spanish experience: a comprehensive approach to HIV and HCV in prisons]. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2010;12(3):86-90. Spanish. PMID: 23128565 
  68. Burek V, Horvat J, Butorac K, Mikulić R. Viral hepatitis B, C and HIV infection in Croatian prisons. Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138(11):1610-20.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268810000476  PMID: 20202285 
  69. Viitanen P, Vartiainen H, Aarnio J, von Gruenewaldt V, Hakamäki S, Lintonen T, et al. Hepatitis A, B, C and HIV infections among Finnish female prisoners--young females a risk group. J Infect. 2011;62(1):59-66.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2010.10.011  PMID: 21087630 
  70. Schulte B, Stöver H, Thane K, Schreiter C, Gansefort D, Reimer J. Substitution treatment and HCV/HIV-infection in a sample of 31 German prisons for sentenced inmates. Int J Prison Health. 2009;5(1):39-44.  https://doi.org/10.1080/17449200802692144  PMID: 25758928 
  71. Tresó B, Barcsay E, Tarján A, Horváth G, Dencs A, Hettmann A, et al. Prevalence and correlates of HCV, HVB, and HIV infection among prison inmates and staff, Hungary. J Urban Health. 2012;89(1):108-16.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9626-x  PMID: 22143408 
  72. Vanya M, Szili K, Magori K, Krisztina V. Skin diseases and sexually transmitted infection in a Hungarian prison. Rev Med Microbiol. 2017;28(3):95-6.  https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000087 
  73. Semaille C, Le Strat Y, Chiron E, Chemlal K, Valantin MA, Serre P, et al. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus among French prison inmates in 2010: a challenge for public health policy. Euro Surveill. 2013;18(28):20524.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.28.20524  PMID: 23870097 
  74. Sagnelli E, Starnini G, Sagnelli C, Monarca R, Zumbo G, Pontali E, et al. Blood born viral infections, sexually transmitted diseases and latent tuberculosis in italian prisons: a preliminary report of a large multicenter study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012;16(15):2142-6. PMID: 23280032 
  75. Sinisgalli E, Silvestri C, Bravi S, Ceccherini V, Tanini T, Bonaccorsi G, et al. Infectious diseases in the Tuscan detention setting: data from the Health Agency of Tuscany. Public Health. 2016;141:264-7.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.02.019  PMID: 27126919 
  76. Monarca R, Madeddu G, Ranieri R, Carbonara S, Leo G, Sardo M, et al. HIV treatment and care among Italian inmates: a one-month point survey. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15(1):562.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1301-5  PMID: 26653247 
  77. Marques NM, Margalho R, Melo MJ, Cunha JG, Meliço-Silvestre AA. Seroepidemiological survey of transmissible infectious diseases in a portuguese prison establishment. Braz J Infect Dis. 2011;15(3):272-5.  https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-86702011000300016  PMID: 21670930 
  78. Ferrer-Castro V, Crespo-Leiro MR, García-Marcos LS, Pérez-Rivas M, Alonso-Conde A, García-Fernández I, et al. Evaluación del programa de intercambio de jeringuillas en el centro penitenciario de Pereiro de Aguiar (Ourense): diez años de experiencia. [Evaluation of needle exchange program at Pereiro de Aguiar prison (Ourense, Spain): ten years of experience]. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2012;14(1):3-11. Spanish.  https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-06202012000100002  PMID: 22437903 
  79. Marco A, Saiz de la Hoya P, García-Guerrero J, Grupo PREVALHEP. Estudio multicéntrico de Prevalencia de Infección por el VIH y factores asociados en las prisiones de España. [Multi-centre study of the prevalence of infection from HIV and associated factors in Spanish prisons]. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2012;14(1):19-27. Spanish.  https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-06202012000100004  PMID: 22437905 
  80. Kivimets K, Uuskula A. HIV testing and counselling in Estonian prisons, 2012 to 2013: aims, processes and impacts. Euro Surveill. 2014;19(47):20970.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.47.20970  PMID: 25443037 
  81. van Veen MG, Götz HM, van Leeuwen PA, Prins M, van de Laar MJ. HIV and sexual risk behavior among commercial sex workers in the Netherlands. Arch Sex Behav. 2010;39(3):714-23.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9396-z  PMID: 18815876 
  82. Fournet N, Koedijk FD, van Leeuwen AP, van Rooijen MS, van der Sande MA, van Veen MG. Young male sex workers are at high risk for sexually transmitted infections, a cross-sectional study from Dutch STI clinics, the Netherlands, 2006-2012. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):63.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1388-3  PMID: 26847196 
  83. Verscheijden MMA, Woestenberg PJ, Götz HM, van Veen MG, Koedijk FDH, van Benthem BHB. Sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers tested at STI clinics in the Netherlands, 2006-2013. Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2015;12(1):12.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-015-0034-7  PMID: 26322117 
  84. Zermiani M, Mengoli C, Rimondo C, Galvan U, Cruciani M, Serpelloni G. Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and hepatitis C in a survey of female sex workers in the north-East of Italy. Open AIDS J. 2012;6(1):60-4.  https://doi.org/10.2174/1874613601206010060  PMID: 22833775 
  85. Folch C, Casabona J, Sanclemente C, Esteve A, González V, Grupo HIVITS-TS. Tendencias de la prevalencia del VIH y de las conductas de riesgo asociadas en mujeres trabajadoras del sexo en Cataluña. [Trends in HIV prevalence and associated risk behaviors in female sex workers in Catalonia (Spain)]. Gac Sanit. 2014;28(3):196-202. Spanish.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2013.11.004  PMID: 24393261 
  86. Platt L, Grenfell P, Bonell C, Creighton S, Wellings K, Parry J, et al. Risk of sexually transmitted infections and violence among indoor-working female sex workers in London: the effect of migration from Eastern Europe. Sex Transm Infect. 2011;87(5):377-84.  https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2011.049544  PMID: 21572111 
  87. Dias S, Gama A, Fuertes R, Mendão L, Barros H. Risk-taking behaviours and HIV infection among sex workers in Portugal: results from a cross-sectional survey. Sex Transm Infect. 2015;91(5):346-52.  https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2014-051697  PMID: 25512671 
  88. Dias S, Gama A, Pingarilho M, Simões D, Mendão L. Health services use and HIV prevalence among migrant and national female sex workers in Portugal: are we providing the services needed? AIDS Behav. 2017;21(8):2316-21.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1511-x  PMID: 27475942 
  89. Luzzati R, Zatta M, Pavan N, Serafin M, Maurel C, Trombetta C, et al. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infections among transgender persons referred to an Italian Center for total sex reassignment surgery. Sex Transm Dis. 2016;43(7):407-11.  https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000452  PMID: 27322038 
  90. Reyes-Urueña JM, Campbell CNJ, Vives N, Esteve A, Ambrosioni J, Tural C, et al. Estimating the HIV undiagnosed population in Catalonia, Spain: descriptive and comparative data analysis to identify differences in MSM stratified by migrant and Spanish-born population. BMJ Open. 2018;8(2):e018533.  https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018533  PMID: 29490955 
  91. Marty L, Van Beckhoven D, Ost C, Deblonde J, Costagliola D, Sasse A, et al. Estimates of the HIV undiagnosed population in Belgium reveals higher prevalence for MSM with foreign nationality and for geographic areas hosting big cities. J Int AIDS Soc. 2019;22(8):e25371.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25371  PMID: 31424626 
  92. Marty L, Cazein F, Panjo H, Pillonel J, Costagliola D, Supervie V, HERMETIC Study Group. Revealing geographical and population heterogeneity in HIV incidence, undiagnosed HIV prevalence and time to diagnosis to improve prevention and care: estimates for France. J Int AIDS Soc. 2018;21(3):e25100.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25100  PMID: 29603879 
  93. Niculescu I, Paraschiv S, Paraskevis D, Abagiu A, Batan I, Banica L, et al. Recent HIV-1 outbreak among intravenous drug users in Romania: Evidence for cocirculation of CRF14_BG and Subtype F1 Strains. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2015;31(5):488-95.  https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2014.0189  PMID: 25369079 
  94. Hedrich D, Kalamara E, Sfetcu O, Pharris A, Noor A, Wiessing L, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus among people who inject drugs: is risk increasing in Europe? Euro Surveill. 2013;18(48):20648.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.48.20648  PMID: 24308980 
  95. Des Jarlais DC, Feelemyer JP, Modi SN, Arasteh K, Hagan H. Are females who inject drugs at higher risk for HIV infection than males who inject drugs: an international systematic review of high seroprevalence areas. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;124(1-2):95-107.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.020  PMID: 22257753 
  96. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Prisons and drugs in Europe: the problem and responses. Lisbon: EMCDDA; 2012. Available from: https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/selected-issues/prison_en
  97. Alvarez-Del Arco D, Fakoya I, Thomadakis C, Pantazis N, Touloumi G, Gennotte AF, et al. High levels of postmigration HIV acquisition within nine European countries. AIDS. 2017;31(14):1979-88.  https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001571  PMID: 28857779 
  98. Hankins CA, de Zalduondo BO. Combination prevention: a deeper understanding of effective HIV prevention. AIDS. 2010;24(Suppl 4):S70-80.  https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000390709.04255.fd  PMID: 21042055 
  99. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Combination HIV prevention: Tailoring and coordinating biomedical, behavioural and structural strategies to reduce new HIV infections. A UNAIDS Discussion Paper. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2010. Available from: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2010/20101006_JC2007_Combination_Prevention_paper
  100. Neumann MS, Finlayson TJ, Pitts NL, Keatley J. Comprehensive HIV prevention for transgender persons. Am J Public Health. 2017;107(2):207-12.  https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303509  PMID: 27997228 
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.47.2100044
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplementary data

Submit comment
Close
Comment moderation successfully completed
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error