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Abstract

Introduction

Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B/Victoria viruses circulated in Europe in 2023/24, with A(H1N1)pdm09 dominance. First influenza infections in childhood may lead to different vaccine effectiveness (VE) in subsequent years.

Aim

The VEBIS primary care network estimated influenza VE in Europe using a multicentre test‐negative study.

Methods

Primary care practitioners collected information and specimens from patients consulting with acute respiratory infection. We estimated VE against influenza (sub)type and clade, by age group and by year of age for A(H1N1)pdm09, using logistic regression.

Results

We included 29,958 patients, with 3,054, 1,053 and 311 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B cases, respectively. All-age VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was 52% (95% CI: 44–59). By year of age, VE was 27% (95% CI: −2 to 47) at 44 years with peaks at 72% (95% CI: 52–84) and 54% (95% CI: 41–64) among children and those 65 years and older, respectively. All-age A(H1N1)pdm09 VE against clade 5a.2a was 41% (95% CI: 24–54) and −11% (95% CI: −69 to 26) against clade 5a.2a.1. The A(H3N2) VE was 35% (95% CI: 20–48) among all ages and ranged between 34% and 40% by age group. All-age VE against clade 2a.3a.1 was 38% (95% CI: 1–62). All-age VE against B/Victoria was 83% (95% CI: 65–94), ranging between 70 and 92% by age group.

Discussion

The 2023/24 VEBIS primary care VE against medically attended symptomatic influenza infection was high against influenza B/Victoria, but lower against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2). Clade- and age-specific effects may have played a role in the lower A(H1N1)pdm09 VE.

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2025-07-30
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Influenza vaccine effectiveness in Europe and the birth cohort effect against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09: VEBIS primary care multicentre study, 2023/24
<p class="citation"> <span>Citation style for this article:</span> <span class="meta-value authors"> <a href="/search?value1=Esther+Kissling&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Kissling Esther</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Marine+Maurel&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Maurel Marine</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Francisco+Pozo&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Pozo Francisco</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Gloria+P%C3%A9rez-Gimeno&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Pérez-Gimeno Gloria</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Silke+Buda&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Buda Silke</a>, <a href="/search?value1=No%C3%A9mie+S%C3%A8ve&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Sève Noémie</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Lisa+Domegan&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Domegan Lisa</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Mari%C3%ABtte+Hooiveld&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Hooiveld Mariëtte</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Beatrix+Oroszi&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Oroszi Beatrix</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Iv%C3%A1n+Mart%C3%ADnez-Baz&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Martínez-Baz Iván</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Raquel+Guiomar&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Guiomar Raquel</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Neus+Latorre-Margalef&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Latorre-Margalef Neus</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Ivan+Mlinari%C4%87&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Mlinarić Ivan</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Mihaela+Lazar&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Lazar Mihaela</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Jaume+Gim%C3%A9nez+Duran&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Giménez Duran Jaume</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Ralf+D%C3%BCrrwald&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Dürrwald Ralf</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Vincent+Enouf&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Enouf Vincent</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Adele+McKenna&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">McKenna Adele</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Marit+de+Lange&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">de Lange Marit</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Gerg%C5%91+T%C3%BAri&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Túri Gergő</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Camino+Trobajo-Sanmart%C3%ADn&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Trobajo-Sanmartín Camino</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Ver%C3%B3nica+Gomez&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Gomez Verónica</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Tove+Samuelsson+Hagey&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Samuelsson Hagey Tove</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Vesna+Vi%C5%A1ekruna+Vu%C4%8Dina&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Višekruna Vučina Vesna</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Maria+Carmen+Cherciu&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Cherciu Maria Carmen</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Miriam+Garc%C3%ADa+Vazquez&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">García Vazquez Miriam</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Annika+Erdwiens&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Erdwiens Annika</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Shirley+Masse&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Masse Shirley</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Charlene+Bennett&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Bennett Charlene</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Adam+Meijer&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Meijer Adam</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Katalin+Krist%C3%B3f&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Kristóf Katalin</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Jes%C3%BAs+Castilla&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Castilla Jesús</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Ana+Paula+Rodrigues&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Rodrigues Ana Paula</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Sanja+Kure%C4%8Di%C4%87+Filipovi%C4%87&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Kurečić Filipović Sanja</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Alina+Elena+Ivanciuc&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Ivanciuc Alina Elena</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Sabrina+Bacci&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Bacci Sabrina</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Marlena+Kaczmarek&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Kaczmarek Marlena</a>, <a href="/search?value1=on+behalf+of+the+European+primary+care+VE+group&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">on behalf of the European primary care VE group</a></span>. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in Europe and the birth cohort effect against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09: VEBIS primary care multicentre study, 2023/24. <a href="/content/ecdc">Euro Surveill.</a> 2025;30(23):pii=2500011. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.23.2500011" title="doi link" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.23.2500011</a> <span class="ES_Article_citation"> <span class="generated">Received</span>: 23 Dec 2024;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="generated">Accepted</span>: 07 Apr 2025 </span> </p>
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